Connection and successful operation of a solar power plant must satisfy the requirements of the Solar Energy Grid Connection Code (SEGCC), and in the meantime the solar energy producer should comply with the requirements of the Electricity Distribution Code (EDC) /Grid Code (GC), according to the case of connection the MV distribution network/the HV transmission network. The aim is to provide basic information and background on the technical design specification and criteria, in addition to technical terms and equipment parameters that are required to connect solar power plants to the electricity networks. This chapter describes the technical design specifications and criteria, technical terms, and equipment parameters for successful connection and operation of medium- and large-scale solar energy systems to the electricity networks in Egypt. Generally, utilities around the world either modify their grid codes to include technical requirements for integrating renewable energy resources to grids or issue separate but complementary codes for renewable resources. In South Africa, the National Energy Regulator has approved the “Grid Connection Code for Renewable Power Plants Connected to the Electricity Transmission System or the Distribution System” as detailed in. Standards developed by the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) named “Code of Practice for Grid Connected Solar Photovoltaic Systems” are available in. A comparison of the processes of connecting PV systems in Germany and California is explored in. PV connection codes to medium-voltage power grid in Germany are discussed in. The guide covers all steps required for connecting a small-scale renewable energy system to the electricity network, including technical, contractual, rates, and metering issues. An interesting guide dealing with PV interconnection requirements has been developed and issued by the Interstate Renewable Energy Council, North Carolina Solar Center, USA. It presents a useful survey of grid codes, regulations, and technical requirements for connecting PV systems to low-voltage and medium-voltage networks, including issues of power quality and anti-islanding. A general overview of grid connection codes for integrating photovoltaic (PV) power plants to grids is presented in. The increasing share of renewable energies to be integrated to electric power systems has resulted in technical issues such as power quality requirements, capacity limits, safety measures, security, protection systems, synchronization process, lower system inertia, etc.Įlectricity regulator authorities and electric utilities have issued necessary regulation rules for connecting sources of renewable energy to power networks at distribution and transmission levels according to the source capacity. Wind energy and solar energy are the most promising resources and proven to be efficient in real applications with decreasing competitive costs of generated electric energy. Other utilities forecasted a higher share reaching about 50% by 2050. By 2020, utilities set a target to reach a ratio of 20% renewable energy of the total energy required for electricity generation. Current generation expansion plans of various countries expect increasing share of renewable energy resources in the electricity generation mix. The share of renewable resources for generating electric energy is increasing worldwide to cope with increasing demand. Finally, brief comparisons of PV codes and related codes of UK, Germany, USA, and Egypt are presented. Solar power grid connection codes of Egypt are explored first. Operational limits and capability requirements will be explained and discussed. The technical specifications include permitted voltage and frequency variations in addition to power quality limits of harmonic distortion, phase unbalance, and flickers. operators and all network users, thus leading to improved security, higher reliability and maintaining optimal operation. The objectives are to establish the obligations and responsibilities of each party i.e. For Small-Scale Photovoltaic (SSPV), the connection should satisfy both the SSPV Connection Code and the EDC. Connection of a large-scale solar plant to the transmission network should satisfy the requirements of both SEGCC and GC. Successful connection of a medium-scale solar plant should satisfy requirements of both the Solar Energy Grid Connection Code (SEGCC) and the appropriate code: the Electricity Distribution Code (EDC) or the Grid Code (GC) as the connection level apply. Depending on its capacity, a solar plant can be connected to LV, MV, or HV networks. This chapter discusses basics of technical design specifications, criteria, technical terms and equipment parameters required to connect solar power plants to electricity networks.
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